Although MEN 1 is inherited, most people do not realize they are at risk until someone in their family develops the disorder. Many people may carry the gene, but never discover they have it. However, once the gene is discovered in a family, first-degree relatives (mother, father, brother or sister) should be screened. The condition appears in half of the children who have a parent with the disease. People with a family history of MEN 1 cannot pass the gene to their children unless they actually carry it themselves.
Two types of tests are performed to confirm whether a patient is carrying the MEN 1 gene: genetic testing and screening for endocrine gland overactivity.
Genetic testing involves drawing a blood sample from the patient and analyzing the DNA, or genetic material, in the blood. A positive genetic test result means that the patient is at risk of developing the malignancies associated with MEN 1.
If a patient has inherited the MEN 1 gene, they should undergo regular blood tests to identify any endocrine gland overactivity. These blood tests measure the level of parathyroid hormone and calcium to detect hyperparathyroidism; prolactin to detect overactivity of the pituitary gland; and the hormone gastrin to detect overactivity of the pancreas.
MEN 1 is not necessarily inherited, so anyone who has symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism or hypercalcemia should seek medical attention. MEN 1 may never result in a malignancy, but these conditions could be the first sign of a cancerous tumor.
Complications
People who develop MEN 1 may develop tumors of the pancreas or pituitary gland, most of which are usually benign (non-cancerous). These tumors are called adenomas. They release extra hormones, which may interfere with the body's normal functions. For example, pancreatic tumors can release too much insulin, causing low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Pituitary tumors produce the growth hormone prolactin, which leads to impotence in men and failure to menstruate in women.
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